<div style="text-align: justify; "><b style="font-size: 1rem;">Banking giant UBS is buying troubled rival Credit Suisse for almost $3.25 billion, in a deal orchestrated by regulators in an effort to avoid further market-shaking turmoil in the global banking system.</b><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Swiss authorities pushed for UBS to take over its smaller rival after a plan for Credit Suisse to borrow up to 50 billion francs ($54 billion) failed to reassure investors and the bank’s customers. Shares of Credit Suisse and other banks plunged this week after the failure of two banks in the U.S. sparked concerns about other potentially shaky institutions in the global financial system.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Credit Suisse is among the 30 financial institutions known as globally systemically important banks, and authorities worried about the fallout if it were to fail.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The deal was “one of great breadth for the stability of international finance,” said Swiss President Alain Berset as he announced it Sunday night. “An uncontrolled collapse of Credit Suisse would lead to incalculable consequences for the country and the international financial system.”</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Switzerland’s executive branch, a seven-member governing body that includes Berset, passed an emergency ordinance allowing the merger to go through without shareholder approval.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Credit Suisse Chairman Axel Lehmann called the sale “a clear turning point.”</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">“It is a historic, sad and very challenging day for Credit Suisse, for Switzerland and for the global financial markets,” Lehmann said, adding that the focus is now on the future and in particular on the 50,000 Credit Suisse employees, 17,000 of whom are in Switzerland.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Following news of the Swiss deal, the world’s central banks announced coordinated financial moves to stabilize banks in the coming week. This includes daily access to a lending facility for banks looking to borrow U.S. dollars if they need them, a practice which widely used during the 2008 financial crisis. Three months after Lehman Brothers collapsed in September of 2008, such swap lines had been tapped for $580 billion. Added swap lines were also rolled out during market turmoil in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in March of 2020.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">“Today is one of the most significant days in European banking since 2008, with far-reaching repercussions for the industry,” said Max Georgiou, an analyst at Third Bridge. “These events could alter the course of not only European banking but also the wealth management industry more generally.”</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Colm Kelleher, the UBS chairman, hailed the “enormous opportunities” that emerge from the takeover, and highlighted his bank’s “conservative risk culture” — a subtle swipe at Credit Suisse’s reputation for more swashbuckling, aggressive gambles in search of bigger returns. He said the combined group would create a wealth manager with over $5 trillion in total invested assets.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Swiss Finance Minister Karin Keller-Sutter said the council “regrets that the bank, which was once a model institution in Switzerland and part of our strong location, was able to get into this situation at all.”</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The combination of the two biggest and best-known Swiss banks, each with storied histories dating to the mid-19th century, amounts to a thunderclap for Switzerland’s reputation as a global financial center — leaving it on the cusp of having a single national champion in banking.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The deal follows the collapse of two large U.S. banks last week that spurred a frantic, broad response from the U.S. government to prevent any further panic. Still, global financial markets have been on edge since Credit Suisse’s share price began plummeting this week.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">European Central Bank President Christine Lagarde lauded the “swift action” by Swiss officials, saying they were “instrumental for restoring orderly market conditions and ensuring financial stability.”</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">She said the banks “are in a completely different position from 2008” during the financial crisis, partly because of stricter government regulation.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">UBS officials said they plan to sell off parts of Credit Suisse or reduce the bank’s size in the coming months and years.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Swiss government is providing more than 100 billion francs in aid and financial backstops to make the deal go through.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">As part of the deal, approximately 16 billion francs ($17.3 billion) in Credit Suisse bonds will be wiped out. European bank regulators use a special type of bond designed to provide a capital cushion to banks in times of distress. But these bonds are designed to be wiped out if a bank’s capital falls below a certain level, which was triggered as part of this government-brokered deal.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Berset said the Federal Council had already been discussing a long-troubled situation at Credit Suisse since the beginning of the year and held urgent meetings in the last four days amid spiraling concerns about its financial health that caused major swoons in its stock price and raised the specter of the 2007-08 financial crisis.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Investors and banking industry analysts were still digesting the deal, but at least one analyst was sour on the news because it could damage Switzerland’s global banking image.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">“A country-wide reputation with prudent financial management, sound regulatory oversight, and, frankly, for being somewhat dour and boring regarding investments, has been wiped away,” said Octavio Marenzi, CEO of consulting firm Opimas LLC, in an email.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Credit Suisse is designated by the Financial Stability Board, an international body that monitors the global financial system, as one of the world’s important banks. This means regulators believe its uncontrolled failure would lead to ripples throughout the financial system not unlike the collapse of Lehman Brothers 15 years ago.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Credit Suisse parent bank is not part of European Union supervision, but it has entities in several European countries that are. Lagarde reiterated what she said last week after the central bank raised interest rates — that the European banking sector is resilient, with strong financial reserves and plenty of ready cash.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Many of Credit Suisse’s problems are unique and do not overlap with the weaknesses that brought down Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank, whose failures led to a significant rescue effort by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. and the Federal Reserve. As a result, their downfall does not necessarily signal the start of a financial crisis similar to what occurred in 2008.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The deal caps a highly volatile week for Credit Suisse, most notably on Wednesday when its shares plunged to a record low after its largest investor, the Saudi National Bank, said it wouldn’t invest any more money into the bank to avoid tripping regulations that would kick in if its stake rose about 10%.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">On Friday, shares dropped 8% to close at 1.86 francs ($2) on the Swiss exchange. The stock has seen a long downward slide: It traded at more than 80 francs in 2007.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Its current troubles began after Credit Suisse reported on Tuesday that managers had identified “material weaknesses” in the bank’s internal controls on financial reporting as of the end of last year. That fanned fears that Credit Suisse would be the next domino to fall.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">While smaller than its Swiss rival UBS, Credit Suisse still wields considerable influence, with $1.4 trillion assets under management. The firm has significant trading desks around the world, caters to the rich and wealthy through its wealth management business, and is a major advisor for global companies in mergers and acquisitions. Notably, Credit Suisse did not need government assistance in 2008 during the financial crisis, while UBS did.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Swiss bank has been pushing to raise money from investors and roll out a new strategy to overcome an array of troubles, including bad bets on hedge funds, repeated shake-ups of its top management and a spying scandal involving UBS. AP/UNB</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify; ">bnbd24/kh</div>