<div style="text-align: justify; "><b style="font-size: 1rem;">Opponents of the largest lithium mine planned in the U.S. urged a federal judge in Nevada on Thursday to vacate the U.S. government's approval of the project until it completes additional environmental reviews and complies with all state and federal laws.</b><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">U.S. District Judge Miranda Du said after a three-hour hearing in Reno that she hoped to make a decision “in the next couple months” on how to proceed in the nearly two-year-old legal battle over the Bureau of Land Management's approval of the mine Lithium Nevada Corp. plans near the Nevada-Oregon line.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Lawyers for the company and the Bureau of Land Management insisted the project complies with U.S. laws and regulations. But they said that if Du determines it does not, she should stop short of vacating the agency's approval and allow initial work at the site to begin as further reviews are initiated.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Lawyers for a Nevada rancher, conservation groups and Native American tribes suing to block the mine said that should not occur because any environmental damage would be irreversible.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dozens of tribe members and other protesters rallied outside the downtown courthouse during the hearing, beating drums and waving signs at passing motorists.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Du has refused twice over the past year to grant temporary injunctions sought by tribal leaders who say the mine site is on sacred land where their ancestors were massacred by the U.S. Cavalry in 1865.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Lithium Nevada and the Bureau of Land Management say the project atop an ancient volcano is critical to meeting the growing demand for lithium to make electric vehicle batteries — a key part of President Joe Biden’s push to expedite a transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy through a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">“It is the largest known lithium deposit of its kind,” Laura Granier, a lawyer representing the company, told Du Thursday. “Our nation and the world will suffer if this project is delayed further.”</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Opponents say it will destroy dwindling habitat for sage grouse, Lahontan cutthroat trout, pronghorn antelope and golden eagles, pollute the air and create a plume of toxic water beneath the open-pit mine deeper than the length of a football field.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">“We need a smart energy future that transitions our economy from fossil fuels to renewables without sacrificing rare species in the process,” said Greta Anderson, deputy director of the Western Watersheds Project, which also petitioned in September for protection of a tiny nearby snail under the Endangered Species Act.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Bureau of Land Management fast-tracked the project’s approval during the final days of the Trump administration. The Biden administration continues to embrace it as part of the president’s clean energy agenda.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Demand for lithium is expected to triple by 2030 from 2020. Lithium Nevada says its project is the only one on the drawing board that can help meet the demand.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Will Falk, a lawyer for the Reno-Sparks Indian Colony, said that “in this rush for lithium in Nevada, the BLM went way too fast in permitting this mine.”</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Roger Flynn, a lawyer for the Western Mining Action Project representing several environmental groups, said the agency wants the project to move forward even though it botched the environmental reviews it was determined to complete before ex-President Donald Trump left office.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">“Meanwhile, there will be this immediate, permanent massive environmental damage,” Flynn said.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Thursday's hearing marked the first on the actual merits of the lawsuit filed in February 2021. It will set the legal landscape going forward after the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a ruling in Arizona that voided federal approval of a copper mine.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">That potentially precedent-setting decision raises questions about the reach of the Mining Law of 1872 and could have a bearing on disposal of waste rock at the lithium mine in the high desert about 200 miles (321 kilometers) northeast of Reno.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In addition to the cultural and environmental concerns about the potential effects, the new 9th Circuit ruling halting the Arizona mine in July was a focus of Thursday's hearing. Du told lawyers on both sides she was interested in "the extent to which (that case) controls the outcome of this case.”</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The San Francisco-based appellate court upheld the Arizona ruling that the Forest Service lacked authority to approve Rosemont Copper's plans to dispose of waste rock on land adjacent to the mine it wanted to dig on a national forest southeast of Tucson.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The service and the Bureau of Land Management long have interpreted the Mining Law of 1872 to convey the same mineral rights to such lands.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The 9th Circuit agreed with U.S. Judge James Soto, who determined the Forest Service approved Rosemont's plans in 2019 without considering whether the company had any mining rights on the neighboring lands. He concluded the agency assumed under mining law that Rosemont had “valid mining claims on the 2,447 acres it proposed to occupy with its waste rock.”</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Leilani Doktor, a Justice Department lawyer for the Bureau of Land Management, said the Forest Service and the BLM are under “different regulatory schemes.”</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">“Each step of the way, BLM followed its own regulations,” she said. AP/UNB</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify; ">bnbd24/kh</div>